The optical stereotype rotates at a high speed in the outer space of the atomic nucleus, just like a negatively charged cloud shrouded around the atomic nucleus, so it is vividly called the electron cloud. The electron has both particle and fluctuation, that is, wave particle duality. The electron motion has no fixed orbit, but it can be determined according to the energy of the electron, The probability of its occurrence in a certain area of extranuclear space is judged by statistical methods. Those with low energy usually move in the area near the nucleus (shell), and those with high energy usually move in the area far away from the nucleus. In quantum mechanics, the wave function obtained from the solution of the basic equation reflecting the motion of micro particles describes the motion state of electrons and the probability of occurrence somewhere in the space outside the nucleus, that is, the spatial position and energy of an electron in the atom can be determined by four quantum numbers.

The principal quantum number determines the energy of the electron in the atom of the optical stereotype and the average distance from the nucleus, that is, it represents the quantum shell where the electron is located. It is limited to positive integers. The sub shell can be represented by a capital English letter. For example, it means that the lowest level quantum shell, which is equivalent to the orbit closest to the nucleus in the old quantum theory, is named the shell, and the successive high-energy levels are represented by K, They are named shell and so on< Br / > < br / > the distribution of electrons in the quantum shell in the optical stereotyped atomic structure. The orbital angular momentum quantum number gives the energy level (electron sublayer) of the electron in the same quantum shell, which is related to the angular momentum of the electron movement. There are two orbital angular momentum quantum numbers, that is, the shell also contains two electron sublayers according to the difference of electron energy. For convenience, Lowercase letters are often used to mark the electron energy levels corresponding to the orbital angular momentum quantum number< Br / > < br / > in the same quantum shell, the energy of sublayer electrons increases in order, and the shapes of electron clouds of different electron sublayers are different. For example, the electron cloud of sublayer is a sphere centered on the atomic nucleus, the electron cloud of sublayer is a spindle, and the magnetic quantum number gives the energy series or orbital number of each orbital angular momentum quantum number. The total number of each magnetic quantum number corresponds to the situation. The magnetic quantum number is the magnetic quantum number, which determines the spatial orientation of the electron cloud. If the space occupied by the electron cloud with a certain shape and extension direction on a certain quantum shell is called an orbit, then the four sublayers have six optical rigid orbits respectively.